The United States District Court, Eastern District of CA, held that a "private settlement" agreement to cap the El Dorado (California) County jail population was not a "consent decree" as defined in the Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA), and that it was therefore immune from attack in federal court under the PLRA's termination provisions subsequently enacted at 18 USC §3626.
In a 1990 certified class action complaint to cap jail population at the Placerville and South Lake Tahoe jails, the parties settled under court oversight in 1994 when an Order of Settlement as well as a final judgment of dismissal were entered.
Notwithstanding the finality of the judgment, the County moved to reopen the case subsequent to the 1996 enactment of the PLRA, seeking termination of the more than two-year-old "consent decree" pursuant to 18 USC §3626. Alternatively, the court considered reopening the judgment under Fed.Rules.Civ.Proc. Rule 60(b).
Relying on Taylor v. United States (Arizona), 181 F.3d 1017 (9th Cir. 1999) (en banc), the court noted that when a judgment is entered, any interlocutory order is automatically terminated by the judgment and disappears. Because enforcement of a terminated judgment was moot, no live motion existed now for the court to rule on. Parenthetically, the court suggested that defendants could avoid this problem in the future if they sought a consent decree with each settlement agreement, or at least gained the court's continuing jurisdiction.
The court held that "private settlements" were distinguished from "consent decrees", relying upon the definition given in 18 USC §3626(g), which defines "consent decrees" as court relief other than "private settlements".
Since there was a "private settlement" agreement here, there was ipso facto never any "consent decree", and relief under the PLRA was not available. Accordingly, the court denied the termination motion for lack of jurisdiction. The denial was without prejudice to permit the County to attempt proceedings in state court, sounding in contracts. See: York v. County of El Dorado, 119 F.Supp.2d 1106 (E.D.Cal. 2000).
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| Year | 2000 |
|---|---|
| Cite | 119 F.Supp.2d 1106 (ED CA 2000) |
| Level | District Court |
LINDA YORK, et al., Plaintiff, vs. COUNTY OF EL DORADO, et al., Defendants.
No. CIV-S-90-0833 GGH
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
119 F. Supp. 2d 1106; 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16179
October 16, 2000, Decided
October 16, 2000, Filed
DISPOSITION: [**1] Order denied.
COUNSEL: For LINDA YORK, plaintiff: Paul Wayne Comiskey, Prisoner Rights Union, Sacramento, CA.
For LINDA YORK, plaintiff: Richard Derevan, Snell and Wilmer, Irvine, CA.
For LINDA YORK, plaintiff: Dan Lewis Stormer, Hadsell and Stormer, Pasadena, CA.
For LINDA YORK, plaintiff: Paul T Persons, Law Offices of Paul T Persons, Chico, CA.
For LINDA YORK, plaintiff: Richard P Herman, Prisoner Rights Union, Laguna Beach, CA.
For EL DORADO COUNTY, RICHARD F PACILIO, defendants: Valentina Reiner, Barkett Gumpert and Reiner, Sacramento, CA.
For EL DORADO COUNTY, defendant: John H Hagar, Jr, Law Offices of John Hagar, San Francisco, CA.
For RICHARD F PACILIO, defendant: David Edward Whittington, ElDorado County Counsel, Placerville, CA.
JUDGES: GREGORY G. HOLLOWS, UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE.
OPINIONBY: GREGORY G. HOLLOWS
Introduction and Summary
Defendants, the County of El Dorado, et al., move the court to terminate the "injunctive" or "prospective" relief agreed to by the parties in this jail conditions case for the primary purpose of avoiding the agreed upon jail population cap applicable to the South Lake Tahoe jail facility. After hearing, the court determined that it did not have jurisdiction to enter such a termination either under the Prison Litigation Reform Act or Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b).
Pertinent Procedural History
This case commenced in 1990, ultimately proceeded as a consent case under 28 U.S.C. ç 636(c), and was initially assigned [*1107] to the Honorable John F. Moulds. The case was referred to the undersigned for settlement purposes. The case settled at conference, including a limitation on the population of both the Placerville and South Lake Tahoe jail facilities. Because this jail conditions case was a certified class action, it was necessary that the court approve the settlement after a fairness hearing. For purposes of efficiency [**2] in consummating the recently agreed upon settlement, the parties requested that the undersigned take over the case, and with the consent of Judge Moulds and by order of the Chief Judge, the case was formally reassigned to the undersigned.
The settlement agreement was reduced to writing, and "ordered" by the undersigned. Stipulation and Order of Settlement etc. signed December 17, 1993. This Stipulation and Order contained no provision for the retention of jurisdiction by the district court for enforcement purposes, and indeed expressly reflected that the case was to be dismissed with prejudice upon approval of the settlement. Stipulation and Order at 8. The undersigned clearly recalls, and the parties do not disagree, that the sine qua non for the County's agreement to settle was the dismissal and the fact that the settlement was not to be construed as a consent decree. See id. at 7-8. There was to be no court monitoring of the implementation of the settlement. The parties were not required to furnish reports to the court. However, the order contemplated further approval proceedings, and these were set in due course. The undersigned approved the settlement after hearing [**3] issuing his order on January 18, 1994, which provided in pertinent part:
1. The Order of Settlement etc. shall be consummated in accordance with its terms and provisions.
2. The Clerk of the Court shall enter final judgment of dismissal pursuant to the terms of the Order of Settlement etc.
A separate judgment of dismissal was entered by the Clerk on January 18, 1994. The case was at an end.
This case is similar, if not identical, in principle to Taylor v. United States [Arizona], 181 F.3d 1017 (9th Cir. 1999) (en banc). In Taylor, an Arizona prison conditions case, the parties had stipulated to a preliminary "consent decree" (December 22, 1972) and a final order outlining the procedural and substantive rules for prison discipline. The Arizona district court had approved and ordered the preliminary "consent decree" as well as approved the final stipulation, and entered judgment in Taylor's favor. This judgment provided: "'that all relief sought by plaintiff members of the class heretofore designated to which they are entitled is granted by this Judgment and that the class, collectively and individually, is entitled to [**4] no other relief under this action.'" Id. at 1020. The court did not retain jurisdiction to enforce the terms of either agreement.
For seemingly inexplicable reasons and many years later, Arizona moved under the PLRA, 18 U.S.C. ç 3626, to terminate the December 1972 consent decree as if it had been the final judgment of the court. The Ninth Circuit en banc refused to reach the merits of a constitutional separation of powers problem inherent in the PLRA, and determined that the issue of enforcement of the 1972 order was moot.
Arizona's motion under the PLRA to terminate the "consent decree" entered December 22, 1972 is accordingly moot. There is no December 22, 1972 consent decree left to be terminated, for once judgment was entered, the December 22, 1972 interlocutory order (whatever its label) disappeared. It was automatically terminated by the judgment. This means that the district court had no live motion before it.
If this were all the Ninth Circuit had done, the Taylor case would be of only minor significance to the present case. However, the court went on to discuss a "what if" issue [**5] -- what if Arizona had [*1108] moved to reopen the judgment instead of the 1972 interlocutory order.
Although reluctant to do so, we now turn to that question because the dissent has addressed a different one, and it cannot be correct that the PLRA's "immediate termination" provision may constitutionally be applied to the Taylor judgment. The judgment itself leaves no doubt that it left nothing more for the district court to do. Its terms could not be clearer: "[A]ll relief sought by plaintiff members of the class heretofore designated to which they are entitled is granted by this Judgment and [] the class, collectively and individually, is entitled to no other relief under this action." Period.
The court did not retain jurisdiction, as it could have done. Nor does the judgment require Arizona to report on compliance, request permission to make changes, or return to court for any purpose, as it also could have done. Unlike cases where a consent decree does put an injunctive scheme in place and the court retains jurisdiction to enforce it, here the judgment explicitly granted all the relief to which Taylor was entitled. That relief does not include continuing jurisdiction. [**6] Indeed, so far as the record discloses, the rules were implemented and the credits were restored; the judgment, in short, was executed. The case is over.
The court further explained why it declined to recognize any "continuing supervisory jurisdiction" over the settled judgment:
We disagree with the dissent's view that the district court had "continuing supervisory jurisdiction" or that Arizona availed itself of the court's "continuing supervisory jurisdiction" on several occasions. See Dissent at 6563-64 & n.7. The court did not have continuing supervisory jurisdiction because the October 19, 1973 judgment did not state that it was retaining jurisdiction. See Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 381-82, 114 S. Ct. 1673, 128 L. Ed. 2d 391 (1994).
The majority concluded:
However, inasmuch as the dissent would uphold ç 3626(b)(2), we are also constrained to say we disagree that it can be constitutionally applied so as to require the district court to reopen and reconsider the Taylor judgment (which leaves nothing more for the district judge to do) under [**7] standards that were not in existence when the judgment was entered and became final.
181 F.3d at 1026.
The above "what if" discussion might be considered dicta, as argued by the concurrence and dissent; however, it is at least "heavy dicta" by a plurality of an en banc Ninth Circuit court. The undersigned does not feel free to disregard it. Applying its logic to the instant case, the court finds that the parties are in no different position than were the parties in the Arizona case. That is, a final judgment was entered herein, giving the district court nothing left to do; the case was dismissed with prejudice; and the court did not retain jurisdiction to do anything else in the case. The Stipulation and Order of Settlement, much like the December 1972 interlocutory order, disappeared for purposes of further federal court involvement. n1
n1 The fact that this case was dismissed "pursuant to the terms of the Order of Settlement etc.," Order January 18, 1994, does not incorporate the settlement into the judgment. McAlpin v. Lexington 76 Auto Truck Stop, 229 F.3d 491, 2000 U.S. App. LEXIS 24740, 2000 WL 1459593 *10 (6th Cir. 2000). The provision that the "Order of Settlement etc. shall be consummated in accordance with its terms and provisions" might on its face be read to include the substantive terms of the settlement into the judgment until one reviews the terms of the settlement which in pertinent part mandated that the case be dismissed with prejudice with no further involvement of the court contemplated. Clearly, the settlement was a private agreement and not a consent decree.
The court has considered whether Rule 60(b) would permit the court to reopen the judgment in this case for the purpose of terminating the settlement under principles enunciated in Rufo v. Inmates of Suffolk County Jail, 502 U.S. 367, 112 S. Ct. 748, 116 L. Ed. 2d 867 (1992), or the PLRA itself. The court does not believe Rule 60(b) can be invoked for several reasons.
First, the case herein proceeded to termination by way of private settlement, not by way of consent decree settlement or adjudication. The court cannot conceive of why the "no-jurisdiction-to-enforce-where-jurisdiction-to-do-so-is-not-retained" holding of Kokkonen does not apply to this case, especially in light of the Taylor case. Rufo involved a bona fide consent decree against a local jail facility establishing indirect population caps among other requirements. There was no assertion that the federal court did not retain jurisdiction, and indeed, the consent decree had been modified over the years. However, in 1989, the district court declined to further modify the consent decree believing that it could not do so unless extraordinary circumstances were shown. The holding of Rufo -- somewhat mitigating [**9] the requirement for consent decree modification in prison/jail injunctive relief situations -- is not of paramount importance here. Rather, the procedural context is. Rufo did not involve a "private settlement agreement." Rufo's consent decree contemplated further district court supervision. Kokkonen, on the other hand, involved a settlement where the district court did not retain jurisdiction to enforce its terms, and where the case was dismissed with prejudice. Kokkonen held that the district court was without jurisdiction in such a context to enforce the terms of the settlement upon an alleged breach. The situation in the instant case is more akin to Kokkonen than to Rufo. n2
n2 The lesson that defendants in federal court class action settlements might want to draw from a review of Taylor and Kokkenen is that it is not always wise to demand a case be settled without a consent decree, or without a provision that the district court will retain jurisdiction.
Kokkonen did contain [**10] a comment that Rule 60(b) might be available to reopen a case for purposes of proceeding with the litigation. Kokkonen, 511 U.S. at 378, 114 S. Ct. 1673. However, that is not what the County proposes here. It proposes that the court reopen the judgment for the purpose of terminating the settlement, and then closing the case again -- this time forever. The Kokkonen Rule 60(b) comment is directed to the situation where the parties proceed after reopening as if the settlement never existed; it does not apply to the situation where the parties desire to tinker in federal court with the previous settlement. n3 See McAlpin v. Lexington 76 Auto Truck Stop, 229 F.3d 491, 2000 U.S. App. LEXIS 24740, 2000 WL 1459593 *11 (6th Cir. 2000).
n3 The court is not stating that the settlement is unenforceable, or interminable, but that according to Kokkonen, any action regarding the settlement (as opposed to a consent decree) sounds in contract and must be brought in state court.
Not only does [**11] the above finding that the court is without jurisdiction harmonize Rufo and Kokkenen/Taylor, it also dovetails with the provisions of the PLRA. Consent decrees and private settlement agreements are defined in the Act. 18 U.S.C. ç 3626(g). "The term 'private settlement agreement' means an agreement entered into among the parties that is not subject to judicial enforcement other than the reinstatement of the civil proceeding that the agreement settled." "The term 'consent decree' means any relief entered by the court that is based in whole or in part upon the consent or acquiescence of the parties but does not include private settlements." Private settlement agreements may be enforced in state court. ç 3626(c)(2)(B). See, Austin v. Hopper, 15 F. Supp. 2d 1210, 1218 (M.D. Ala. 1998) (observing that a private prison conditions settlement agreement is not restrained by the requirements of the [*1110] PLRA; however, any breach of the agreement must be determined in state court).
The motion of the County to terminate the provisions of the Order of Settlement etc. is denied for lack of this court's jurisdiction. This order [**12] is without prejudice to any state court proceedings the County may wish to initiate concerning the Order of Settlement etc.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
DATED: October 16, 2000.
GREGORY G. HOLLOWS
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE